The Relationship Between Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and magnetism are separate yet interconnected phenomena associated with the electromagnetic force. Together, they form the basis for electromagnetism, a key physics discipline. Key Takeaways: Electricity and Magnetism Electricity and magnetism are two related phenomena  produced by the electromagnetic force. Together, they form electromagnetism.A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field.A magnetic field induces electric charge movement, producing an electric current.In an electromagnetic wave, the electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular  to one another. Except for behavior due to the force of gravity, nearly every occurrence  in daily life stems from the electromagnetic force. It is responsible for the interactions between atoms and the flow between matter and energy. The other fundamental forces are the weak and strong nuclear force, which govern radioactive decay and the formation of atomic nuclei. Since electricity and magnetism are incredibly important, its a good idea to begin with a basic understanding of what they are and how they work. Basic Principles of Electricity Electricity is the phenomenon associated with either stationary or moving electric charges. The source of the electric charge could be an elementary particle, an electron (which has a negative charge), a proton (which has a positive charge), an ion, or any larger body that has an imbalance of positive and negative charge. Positive and negative charges attracts each other (e.g., protons are attracted to electrons), while like charges repel each other (e.g., protons repel other protons and electrons repel other electrons).   Familiar examples of electricity include lightning, electrical current from an outlet or battery, and static electricity. Common SI units of electricity include the ampere (A) for current, coulomb (C) for electric charge, volt (V) for potential difference, ohm (ÃŽ ©) for resistance, and watt (W) for power. A stationary point charge has an electric field, but if the charge is set in motion, it also generates a magnetic field. Basic Principles of Magnetism Magnetism is defined as the physical phenomenon  produced by moving electric charge. Also, a magnetic field can induce charged particles to move, producing an electric current. An electromagnetic wave (such as light) has both an electric and magnetic component. The two components of the wave travel in the same direction, but oriented at a right angle (90 degrees) to one another. Like electricity, magnetism produces attraction and repulsion between objects. While electricity is based on positive and negative charges, there are no known magnetic monopoles. Any magnetic particle or object has a north and south pole, with the directions based on the orientation of the Earths magnetic field. Like poles of a magnet repel each other (e.g., north repels north), while opposite poles attract one another (north and south attract). Familiar examples of magnetism include a compass needles reaction to Earths magnetic field, attraction and repulsion of bar magnets, and the field surrounding electromagnets. Yet, every moving electric charge has a magnetic field, so the orbiting electrons of atoms produce a magnetic field; there is a magnetic field associated with power lines; and hard discs and speakers rely on magnetic fields to function. Key SI units of magnetism include the tesla (T) for magnetic flux density, weber (Wb) for magnetic flux, ampere per meter (A/m) for magnetic field strength, and henry (H) for inductance. The Fundamental Principles of Electromagnetism The word electromagnetism comes from a combination of the Greek works elektron, meaning amber and magnetis lithos, meaning Magnesian stone, which is a magnetic iron ore. The ancient Greeks were familiar with electricity and magnetism, but considered them to be two separate phenomena. The relationship known as electromagnetism wasnt described until James Clerk Maxwell published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873. Maxwells work included twenty famous equations, which have since been condensed into four partial differential equations. The basic concepts represented by the equations are as follows:   Like electric charges repel, and unlike electric charges attract. The force of attraction or repulsion is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.Magnetic poles always exist as north-south pairs. Like poles repel like and attract unlike.An electric current in a wire generates a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field (clockwise or counterclockwise) depends on the direction of the current. This is the right hand rule, where the direction of the magnetic field follows the fingers of your right hand if your thumb is pointing in the current direction.Moving a loop of wire toward or away from a magnetic field induces a current in the wire. The direction of the current depends on the direction of the movement. Maxwells theory contradicted Newtonian mechanics, yet experiments proved Maxwells equations. The conflict was finally resolved by Einsteins theory of special relativity. Sources Hunt, Bruce J. (2005). The Maxwellians. Cornell: Cornell University Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0-8014-8234-2.International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1993). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. pp. 14–15.Ravaioli, Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, Umberto (2010). Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics (6th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-13-213931-1.

Functional Family Therapy ( Fft ) - 1192 Words

Functional Family Therapy. Functional family therapy (FFT; Alexander Parsons, 1982) is based on the premise that the behaviours of each family member serve a certain function within the family system. In the context of conduct disorders and antisocial behaviours, FFT views these behaviours as serving a necessary function for the child in the family system, which is then the reason why the child continues to engage in those deviant behaviours (Baker, 2012). For example, the antisocial behaviour of the child could function in receiving support and intimacy from other family members. The goal of FFT, then, is to produce an environment of adaptive family functioning by changing the dysfunctional behavioural cognitive aspects of the family, and also the communication patterns between family members (Baker, 2012). Compared to the above-mentioned treatments, FFT has been less well researched and there is mixed research regarding the efficacy of FFT as a treatment for CD and antisocial behaviours in children. Earlier studies of efficacy and effectiveness (Alexander Parsons, 1973; Alexander et al., 1994; Klein, Alexander, Parsons, 1977) found positive outcomes for youth with antisocial behaviours, namely that FFT was more beneficial for children with CD than other forms of therapy, as well as control groups, in improving family interactions and decreasing rates of reoffending. However, more recent studies, such as those containing substance-abusing adolescents, failed toShow MoreRelatedEvidence-Based Practices For Youth Offenders1343 Words   |  6 Pages-Based Practice Functional family therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based practice (EBP) for high-risk youth that concentrates on multifaceted and multidimensional issues through a practice that is validated by research, culturally diverse, and submissively structured (Robbins, 2016). Furthermore, the FFT program’s goal is to increase protective factors while decreasing the risk factors that have a direct impact on youth offenders (CrimeSolutions.Gov, 2011). Over the past 40 years, FFT has evolved andRead MoreDeveloping a Counseling Plan1701 Words   |  7 Pagesarrest, and subsequent prison sentence, at the age of 16. The paper will explore his early life and family issues leading to his delinquent behavior as well as counseling theories and interventions that would be successful in treating a youth with similar difficulties. Case Study Mark Wahlberg, known to many as Marky Mark, was born the youngest of nine children in a working class Irish Catholic family (Mark Wahlberg biography, 2013). For Mark Wahlberg, trouble started when his parents divorced.Read MoreCouple Therapy: Overview of Goals Assessment and Intervention1421 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Couple Therapy: Overview, Goals, Assessment and Intervention Dan and Helen is a couple who sought therapy because of a problem they have that is sexual in nature: they apparently differ in values and beliefs when it comes to sexual expression. Helen is more expressive than Dan, both in communicating her feeling of dissatisfaction with their sex life and expressing her sexual desire and needs to her husband. The environment she grew up in developed her belief that desire should be expressed withoutRead MoreProgram Theory And Logic Models909 Words   |  4 PagesSection 02 October 6th, 2015 Section 1 1. In general the purpose of the Functional Family Therapy Program is a short-term family-based prevention and intervention treatment applied across various context for treatment of at-risk and juvenile adolescents to address delinquent and behavior problems in hopes to modify community relations. The specific activities offered by the program are develop systemic and individualized family-based orientation to address behavioral problems of at-risk and juvenileRead MoreBiological Dimensions Within The Multipath Model Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesModels for Conduct Disorder Multisystemic Therapy Multisystemic Therapy [MST] is used for children presenting severe CD symptoms. An MST belief is that the child is within simultaneous systems, including but not limited to family, school, neighborhood, and peer groups. These systems have a direct and indirect influence on the child and his or her interactions and behaviors. (Henggeler Sheidow, 2012, p.5) This therapy direction treats the entire family group, not just the child as it recognizesRead MoreIndividual And Family Structured Therapy Models Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesWithin both individual and family structured therapy models, there exists pros and cons. Individual therapy, as mentioned before, is centered around a client–counselor interaction, where the counselor focuses his or her attention on the client’s needs. This provides a one–on–one interaction that encourages openness and security. During individual therapy, the client has the counselors undivided attention. This in return allows the counselor to focus specifically on the clients concerns. As we’veRead MoreThe Intervention Program For Children And Their Parents Essay1786 Words   |  8 Pagesproviding transportation and paying each family for their participation was useful in preventing participants from dropping out of their treatment program. McNeil, Herschberger, and Nedela (2013) suggest that both Structural Family Therapy and Community Family Therapy are useful in helping to change the family system can help prevent youth living in poverty from gang involvement. They state that family therapists have a responsibility to help change family systems as well as other larger societalRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Treatment : Description And Fundamental Principles1452 Words   |  6 Pagesprograms are another form of juvenile delinquency treatment. Multi-Systemic Therapy (MST) and Functional Family Therapy (FFT) are two examples of evidence-based programs. The MST program is designed to help parents deal effectively with their child’s problematic behavior, while the FFT program targets youth with substance abuse, delinquency, or violence inside of the home. Both of these programs aim to improve the family structure, to better the present and the future of the child (Delinquency PreventionRead MoreChild And Adolescent Behavioral Health Final Examination1188 Words   |  5 Pagesyouth worldwid e, and although it is the children who experience symptoms directly, implications associated with mental illness can impact entire families (Richardson, Cobham, McDermott Murray, 2013). As such, healthcare systems are being redesigned to include a focus on family-centeredness. In the case of children’s mental health specifically, family-centered coordinated care represents an understanding of treatment, not only derived from the child’s experience, but also from the parents’ and caregivers’Read MoreThe Poem The Above Poem, By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesthe poem. The poem continues on and in the final stanza it describes the corporeal punishment that the little girl is given due to her behaviors. This illustrates that as far back as the nineteenth century, childhood behaviors were present within family environments which were treated with responding parental anger and punishment. During this early era, the profession of psychology had little interest in childhood disorders, dismissing them as a moral or discipline issue. Described by Joseph Rey

An Epic Evaluation of Apocalypse Now free essay sample

In 1979, Francis Ford Coppola unleashed a film that reshaped the view of the American Vietnam war. The film was heralded as an epic of modern film. However, is it truly an epic or is that term become a widely used word for great works of cinema? Does Apocalypse Now contain the epic criteria of religion, a journey, a vast setting, a sense of supernatural and other key factors? The journey in Apocalypse Now is Captain Benjamin Willard’s mission to assassinate Army Colonel Walter Kurtz. The former Green Beret has deserted his command and now leads a rogue army of commandos and Montagnard, the indigenous people of the central highlands of Vietnam(Human Rights Watch). This film is also a journey into the darkness of the human soul. As Willard travels up the river he spends most of his time reading the Army’s dossier on the rogue Kurtz who has been deemed insane after his use of â€Å"unsound methods. † Willard tries to understand the actions of Kurtz, and as the film progresses, Willard experiences more and more of the absurdities and immorality of war that lead him to understand the villainous Kurtz. His understanding comes with his own decent into near madness. After he senselessly kills a peasant woman on a sampan Willard states, â€Å"It was the way we had over here of living with ourselves. We’d cut them in half with a machine gun and give them a Band-Aid. It was a lie— and the more I saw of them the more I hated lies. † These words sound as though they were uttered by the insane Kurtz. The setting for Apocalypse Now is the fictional Nung River(Milks). Most of the film takes place on a Navy river patrol boat (PBR) with a four-man crew. The captain, Chief, a military man who follows protocol to a â€Å"T†and feels personally responsible for the fate of his crew. He blames Willard for the predicament that they find themselves in. Clean is a seventeen-year-old mechanic from the South Bronx. He is symbolic of the young men that fought in Vietnam that were ignorant to the ways of war and only waste time waiting to end their service careers. Chef, a saucier from New Orleans, who emphatically does not want to be in this strange land and Lance, a California surfer, make up the rest of the crew. Lance and Chef’s use of rugs and placement in the primitive jungle help them withdraw from the war around them as the film proceeds(Milks). This is symbolic of how many of the drafted youth felt in Vietnam. The film begins in the Greek tradition of en medias res. It opens with captain Willard in an alcohol induced depressive state in a hotel room in Saigon in 1968. He already completed one tour of duty in Vietnam only to return home and be miserable with the confines of civilization. He states, â€Å"I was discharged from the army four years ago. I went home, wasted some time, bought a Mustang Mach 1, drove it a week. Then I re-upped for another tour. No, everything I love is here. † He has been irrecoverably changed by the war. He feels that the jungle is the only place he belongs and he cannot wait to get back in action, â€Å"Every minute I stay in this room I get weaker. And every minute Charlie squats in the bush he gets stronger. † The film does not follow all the guidelines of an Epic in the Greek sense. In the beginning, Willard does not invoke the muses and the only religion is the Montagnards belief in Kurtz as a god. The film contains no epic lists and the film is not divided into twenty-four books. The only division in the film could be seen in the different episodes the crew faces traveling up river. The first is the rendevous with Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore, commander of the Air Ninth Calvary. Then, the tiger attack in the jungle, the U. S. supply depot complete with Playboy Playmates, the French rubber plantation, the small sampan, and the ancient temple where Kurtz resides. Each event adds to the mayhem of the journey and creates a darker mood for the film. The narrator and protagonist of the film is Captain Willard. However, he is not the epic hero because he does not meet the criteria. He is male, and he does have a task to complete, but that is about his only heroic characteristics. First, in terms of strength, he does not possess outstanding physical strength, nor is he mentally strong. As a character is quite passive, everything he does is influenced by someone, or something else. When he takes the mission he says, â€Å"What the hell else was I gonna do? † On the PBR, he withdraws himself from the actions of the crew, and spends most of his time studying the file on Kurtz, trying to get into the mind of his target. This only puts him in a more detached state. At Kurtz’s compound he is swayed by the teachings of Kurtz and makes the audience ponder if he will indeed carry out his mission, or join Kurtz’s group. Lance, as well as the last assassin sent to kill Kurtz, did just that. Willard confesses â€Å"It was the strangest thing — I don’t know that I can explain it. Two of my men dead and all I could think of was whether Kurtz was dead too. That’s all I wanted: to see Kurtz, to hear Kurtz. † Kurtz actually helps make that decision for him. Kurtz is weary of his life as a demigod and is expecting, and actually welcoming his death. You came up my river — in that small boat. So simple. I always thought the final justice would come from the sky, like we did. You are the final justice, aren’t you? † In one episode, on a sampan, a small fishing boat, Willard shows his true moral state. When Clean opens fire killing several civilians in a botched search of the boat, Chief decides to t ake the lone survivor, a peasant woman, to a military base for medical attention. Willard, thinking only of his mission, kills the woman so that she will not impede his journey to assassinate Kurtz. This event causes the rest of the crew to turn on him and cast a dark shadow over Willard. When Chef asks, â€Å"When you kill cong, don’t you feel something? † Willard responds, â€Å"Sure, recoil I feel the recoil of my rifle. † This statement alone solidifies the fact that Willard is not a fundamentally good soul. The supernatural is an important element in any Epic. In Apocalypse Now, the supernatural pertains more to a detachment from reality than to a ghost, miraculous events, or the common notion of the supernatural. In this sense, the film is rife with the supernatural. First Kilgore’s calvary, the surfing calvary charge into battle listening to the â€Å"Ride of the Valkyries. † Kilgore boasts, â€Å"We’ll come in low, out of the rising sun, and about a mile out, we’ll put on the music Yeah, I use Wagner – scares the hell out of the slopes! My boys love it! † The music and the surfing are completely out of place in the war-torn jungles of Vietnam. However, this is just the first stop on the tour of mass mayhem. Later in the film, the PBR comes across the remains of a rubber plantation. This is a plantation run by the de Marais family, a hold over from the French colonization of Indochina. In the middle of a war zone, a family is trying to hold onto a piece of property in a country in which they are not natives. Several of their family members have given their lives for that property and they believe they have just as much as a claim to it than anyone else. Even when a family member makes a symbolic gesture that makes a statement about America’s involvement in Vietnam and cracks an egg, which represents Indochina, lets the egg white run out and exclaims, â€Å"White goes, yellow stays! † The symbolism is poignantly blunt. It is surreal that they even attempt to keep their property. Also, they try to maintain their heritage in speaking French and having a tradition plantation life without interference from the outside world. The scene, including the burial of Clean is rife with symbolism and detachment from reality. The boat heads further up river and reaches an outpost where American forces are testing Einstein’s theory of insanity. Einstein once said, â€Å"The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result. †(Moncur) Each night the Viet Cong bomb a bridge and each day the G. I. s rebuild it. All of the soldiers at this base are either scared or confused, those that are not, are high on drugs. The colored flares and tracer rounds add to the effects of the psychedelic drugs and the whole theater of battle is in total chaos. Finally, Kurtz’s compound is the scene of total lack of reality. Rotting corpses hang from the tress, and heads litter the ancient temple. The scene is surreal. A burnt out photo journalist exclaims how great Kurtz is, seemingly oblivious to the mayhem around him. The man himself is a larger than life omnipotent character. He remains in the shadows for almost every scene and quotes poetry from T. S. Eliot. He is the all powerful in this land even though he is gone over the edge mentally, spiritually, and physically. He is supernatural. The film as a whole doesn’t fit the standards of an epic in the Greek tradition. However, it is an awesome tale of a man’s journey into the physical unknown of a strange land that forces him to search inside himself for some form of morality in the difficult circumstances of war. Willard is a stranger in a strange land, even to himself.

Movie Review Essays (1252 words) - Asia, Fiction, Films, Gran Torino

Movie Review Gran Torino Diversity in the workplace ADM 315 ML Dr. Brenda Deans Barry University Carmen Y. Bigas Date: October 27,2016 Main characters Walt Kowalski (Clint Eastwood), a retired Polish American Ford automobile assembly line worker and Korean War veteran, haunted by memories of that conflict, lives with his Labrador Retriever Daisy in a changing Highland Park, Michigan neighborhood which is dominated by immigrants. Thao Vang Lor (Bee Vang ) and his sister Sue Vang Lor ( Ahney Her), live with their widowed mother and grandmother. Thao is in a Hmong gang led by his cousin Spider. Sue being a bit feisty herself but friendly and a bit curious about her neighbor Kowalski. Summary At the start of the movie, Walt is attending his wife's funeral, bristling at the shallow eulogy of young Father Janovich. Similarly, he has little patience with his two sons, Mitch and Steve, and their families, who show little regard for Walt's grief or the memory of their dead mother. Throughout the movie Walt views his relatives as rude, spoiled and self-absorbed, always avoiding him unless it is in their own interest to pay him some attention. Father Janovich tells Walt that his late wife, Dorothy, made Father Janovich promise to try to get Walt to go to a confession. Walt writes Janovich off as knowing nothing about life or death, and insists on being called Mr. Kowalski rather than Walt because he feels he neither knows, nor wants to know, Father Janovich. Walt's teenage Hmong neighbors, Thao Vang Lor and his sister Sue get comfronted by a Hispanic gang. The Hmong gang, led by Thao's older cousin, helps Thao by frightening the Hispanic gang and forcing them to flee. The Hmong gang, at that point, tries to persuade Thao to join them. Thao's initiation is to steal Walt's prized car, a 1972 Gran Torino Sport. Walt interrupts the robbery, pointing a rifle in Thao's face and forcing him to flee. After a few days, Spider and his gang return. With Sue at his side, Thao manages to verbally confront them to no avail. The gang drags Thao off his porch in an attempt to assault him. His family tries desperately to fend off Spider and his cohorts. The conflict ends when Walt threatens the gang members with his rifle and orders them to get off his lawn. They leave the neighborhood, telling Walt to watch his back.The Vang Lors thank a grumpy and impatient Walt, who insists he only wanted the gang off his property. When the neighborhood hears of Walt's brave act, they reward him by leaving on his porch gifts of Hmong dishes and garden plants. Thao admits to trying to steal his Gran Torino. Walt is not pleased, seeking only to be left alone.Mitch and his wife, Karen go to visit Walt on his birthday, bringing him a cake and a few gifts meant to make certain menial tasks easier as they were trying to convince Walt to move to a retirement home. Knowing that Mitch and Karen just want to get their hands on his house, Walt in anger throws them out; gifts, cake and all. After seeing Sue being harassed by three black teenagers, Walt steps in to rescue her, confronting the teenagers and threatening them with a pistol. Sue gets to know Walt, and invites him to a family barbecue on his birthday, bringing him closer to her family, explaining Hmong culture and that during the Vietnam War they fought on their side. Sue, Thao, and their mother visit Walt the next day, with Thao's family forcing him to work for Walt for a week to fix the fact off his attempted theft of the Gran Torino. Walt has Thao clean up the neighborhood until his debt is paid and shows Thao the ways of American men. He gets Thao a construction job and encourages him to ask out anoth er Hmong girl called Youa.After discovering blood when he coughs, Walt visits the doctor. After viewing the results of his examination, which indicate that his health isn't good, he calls his son Mitch and awkwardly tries to tell him about it; but he can't bring himself to do it and

Renaissance King Francis I of France

Renaissance King Francis I of France King Francis I was also known as Francis of Angoulà ªme (in French, Franà §ois dAngoulà ªme) King Francis I was known for His sponsorship of the arts; he has been called Frances first Renaissance King. Francis is also known for his bitter rivalry with Emperor Charles V. Occupations and Role in Society KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence France Important Dates Born: Sept. 12, 1494Crowned: Jan. 1, 1515Cloth of Gold Meeting Ends: June 24, 1520Treaty of Madrid ends imprisonment: Jan. 14, 1526Captured at Battle of Pavia: Feb. 24, 1525Died: March 31, 1547 About Francis I Known as Francis of Angoulà ªme (in French, Franà §ois dAngoulà ªme) until he succeeded his cousin at age 20, Francis was a passionate, intelligent, chivalrous knight who loved life. His trusting nature made him a poor politician, but he nevertheless saw success as a conqueror and a peacemaker before the accession of his bitter rival, Emperor Charles V, made his life and reign a tragedy. Late in his reign, Francis wish to diffuse the fanaticism of Reformation conflict was overrun by his staunchly Catholic ministers, and France became the site of severe persecutions of Protestants. As a young man, Francis was also a humanist and sponsor of the arts, and is sometimes considered Frances first Renaissance King. He supported and encouraged many fine artists, among them Leonardo da Vinci, who died at Cloux (now called le Clos-Lucà ©), the summer residence of the French king.

Free Essays on The Clifton Suspension Bridge

Introduction Clifton Suspension Bridge spans across the Avon Gorge in the city of Bristol. The idea originally came from a wine merchant from Bristol who left his entire legacy to the production of a bridge across the Gorge in 1754. (2) After seventy five years a competition was open for engineers to present designs for a new bridge. This was held in 1829 and the engineer chosen was Thomas Telford. The design he produced was later rejected and a second competition was held a year later. Isambard kingdom Brunel was finally assigned the job of head engineer. The bridge was started and after ten years the towers which still stand today were complete. The only problem was that the bridge itself was being held up by political and financial difficulties. (2) The bridge was abandon in 1843 and left to dwindle in the wind. Brunel passed away at the age of fifty three and as a memorial the bridge construction once again started. Finally in 1864 after the wait of a lifetime, at seven hundred and two foot, the Clifton Suspension Bridge was completed. Originally the bridge design was formed in the nineteenth century to help horse and buggies cross the Gorge. Way ahead of his time Brunel designed a bridge that still today, over a century later and a half later, amazingly holds up for over 12,000 vehicles to cross daily. Description The Clifton Bridge has a span of 214 m (702ft) and 26m (69ft) in height. (1) The clearance is 75 m (205ft) and it weighs 1500 tons. (1) A set of three wrought iron chains hang on each side. They are connected to the towers. Each chain is made of eyebars which hang is rows that are parallel. Each chain connects the tower to the bridge separately. In order for the chains to support the bridge they must all do their own job. It would almost be impossible for three connected chains to share the load of the bridge, which is why each is connected separately. The towers are the support of the bridge... Free Essays on The Clifton Suspension Bridge Free Essays on The Clifton Suspension Bridge Introduction Clifton Suspension Bridge spans across the Avon Gorge in the city of Bristol. The idea originally came from a wine merchant from Bristol who left his entire legacy to the production of a bridge across the Gorge in 1754. (2) After seventy five years a competition was open for engineers to present designs for a new bridge. This was held in 1829 and the engineer chosen was Thomas Telford. The design he produced was later rejected and a second competition was held a year later. Isambard kingdom Brunel was finally assigned the job of head engineer. The bridge was started and after ten years the towers which still stand today were complete. The only problem was that the bridge itself was being held up by political and financial difficulties. (2) The bridge was abandon in 1843 and left to dwindle in the wind. Brunel passed away at the age of fifty three and as a memorial the bridge construction once again started. Finally in 1864 after the wait of a lifetime, at seven hundred and two foot, the Clifton Suspension Bridge was completed. Originally the bridge design was formed in the nineteenth century to help horse and buggies cross the Gorge. Way ahead of his time Brunel designed a bridge that still today, over a century later and a half later, amazingly holds up for over 12,000 vehicles to cross daily. Description The Clifton Bridge has a span of 214 m (702ft) and 26m (69ft) in height. (1) The clearance is 75 m (205ft) and it weighs 1500 tons. (1) A set of three wrought iron chains hang on each side. They are connected to the towers. Each chain is made of eyebars which hang is rows that are parallel. Each chain connects the tower to the bridge separately. In order for the chains to support the bridge they must all do their own job. It would almost be impossible for three connected chains to share the load of the bridge, which is why each is connected separately. The towers are the support of the bridge...

Iranian Architecture and Culture Research Paper

Iranian Architecture and Culture - Research Paper Example The other aspect of the Iranian architecture is the Islamic Impact on the Iranian architecture. I will analyze the connection between the Islamic Impact on the architecture of Iran and the purpose of ancient techniques utilized in the Iranian architecture. Iran is blessed with the natural resources and thus the architecture remains dependent on the natural resources. Moreover, the architects maintained to utilize the local resources in the construction. The geography of Iran is much diverse. According to Ayatollahi (2003) â€Å"Because of its geographic diversity, Iranian Plateau has always been, and still is, regarded as the land of many riches†. Besides the presence of natural resources, the Iranian architects always welcomed innovation. As Iran has a typical weather condition. In winters the temperature lowers to the freezing point and in summer the temperature rises to make it hot region. Climate has major impact on the architecture and Iranian architecture developed techn iques to produce cold water in summer by storing the natural ice in the winter season. The method is pit storage of ice. The major reason for storing the ice is to preserve fruits, vegetables and utilization of water for the drinking purposes. According to Mahdavinejad and Javanrudi (2012) â€Å"Ancient fridges are a pit with a sophisticated method to store ice in hot-arid climates. Ice prepared in winter season and reserves until hot seasons to keep meat, fruits and dairies, and also used as a method to making water cold and tasty†. The pits are of rectangular shaped, which are designed to store ice. According to Mahdavinejad and Javanrudi (2012), â€Å"The architecture of Iranian ancient fridges is analyzed with respect to the following factors: The architectural background of fridges in each hot-arid regions, Construction methods and materials, and Formation of the plans and sections†. The walls of the fridges are not uniformly constructed. The width of the walls va ries as the height of the walls varies. On the other hand due to the Islamic Impact in the regions, the major change on the architecture is the utilization of the towers, which are also known as ‘minarets’. Minarets are usually long slender towers, which are usually built near mosques. The major aim of a minaret is to define the ways towards the mosque. However, the minarets are equipped with some light source to show the way to the mosques at night. The minarets are not only built near mosques but also near schools, road sides and also near other places. According to Iran Chamber Society (2012), â€Å"The tall structures built on roadsides or near caravansaries, schools, or other gathering places were originally watch-towers that also provided lighting for the surrounding areas†. In olden days, minarets provide a top position for the prayer caller to call the people for the prayers. Minaret has three basic parts Base or foundation, shaft and gallery (Iran Chambe r Society n.p). The other important aspect of the Iranian architecture is the utilization of the dooms in the architecture. Dooms also show Islamic influence on the Iranian architecture. Dooms have a significant value in the Islamic architecture due to the sound effects, produced by dooms. The payer call and the verses read during the prayers, echo several times due to dooms. Due to the echo, the loudness of the sound and range of the sound

Professional football players salaries are too high and it should be Essay

Professional football players salaries are too high and it should be decreased by 40 percent and part of it should be spent to i - Essay Example People turn the television on and chances are a game is being aired. Some people tend to ignore sports, and just concentrate on the grim issues happening in the world. However, others are fanatics for games, and cannot spend a day or two without watching football. Every sport, which is on television, is leisure for the community. Oblivious individuals who are self-seeking usually do not appreciate all the effort, time and hard work it undertakes to be a qualified footballer. Professional player’s duty is playing the game they love. Footballers, for instance, are projected to obtain a high waged income because of the fans that come to support and watch them at the games. Being a footballer is there occupation, and they must be waged high incomes. Cutting the salaries of footballers by 40 percent will undermine their effort and reduce their motivation towards the game. Lack of motivation can lead to poor performances on the part of the player. Additionally, a footballer can suff er an injury that will require him to use billions of money to cure it. It will be impossible for footballers to obtain the best medical care if the salaries are reduced. It is crucial to keep in mind that there are other entities: organizations, companies, institutions and government bodies that contribute and invest billions in the football games. Football falls under creative economy where its value and significance lies in ideas. Football is a big business, for instance, Real Madrid in the 2011 fiscal year, it made $695 million or more. In the FIFA’s current Big Count, 280 million people -4% of the world’s populace are engaged in football. Therefore, football is a part of the creative economy. Creative economy denotes to a part of the economy, which draws its value by creating and dispensing â€Å"cultural services and goods, which influence the economy through generating jobs, income, and value of life.† Connecting football to the inventive economy equates football tocultural charitable organizations, artists, and inventive businesses. This signifies that footballers can be likened to actors, dancers, painters, sculptors, educators, as well as other occupation paths linked with enriching community with a vibrant civilization. I argue that football is part of this creative economy because it produces and distributes cultural goods that directly impact quality of life and the connections between people. Soccer influences the quality of existencesince the experience connects people with others and permitspeople to elude the pain, predicaments, and hurt which they experience theireveryday lives. A football game is a show. The football players are performers in a theatre whose laws run play however,they do not determine it. The audiences come from diverse perspectives in the domainto have a stake in the game (Publishing, 2010). Typically, people think that soccer is played within blue-collar, business cities, whose personnel emerges to sup port and back the regional team; still, soccer is similarly played inin jails, schools, and also by construction workforces. Currently, particularly, football is a worldwide game, which brings collectively not only the employed class workers in business centers but as well white-collar personnel from cultural centers like Barcelona. In this manner, football becomes anethnic institution,which defines people’s own identity. Football is an inventive enterprise, which connects persons across geographic, temporal and political boundaries. It is inventive both on account

Paragraph for each of the following three topics Essay Example for Free

Paragraph for each of the following three topics Essay Write one paragraph for each of the following three topics. The entire assignment consists of three paragraphs and should fit in less than one page 1. Why is Capaneus (Inferno 14) so important in understanding the psychology of the sinners in hell? 2. Identify the political and religious issues Dante faces in Inferno 19. 3. Define the allegorical representation of Lucifer (inferno 34) Submit no later than Friday, October 17, 12-noon Make sure you do not go off topic. Be direct and concise, and follow the directions below. Directions for assignments and exams. Assignments consist of three topics, each topic to be developed in a concise paragraph. When you write your assignments and exams, make sure that what you write is based exclusively on the material covered in class, and make specific references (direct text citations for the exams) to the readings covered in class. Do not write information that is not relevant to the topics. Be direct and concise. Before you submit your assignments get rid of anything that does not belong to the topic. Understand the topics before you write, and check it after to make sure you do not go off topic. If you notice that you are writing a summary of a plot, you are off topic. If you receive a low grade for your assignments or exams, you were too vague, or failed to limit your answer to the given topics. Do not repeat the same mistake in future assignments and exams. The course grade is based on the two assignments (13% each) and the two exams (36% each) Exams and assignments must be submitted through Safe Assign Other Information: Assignments and exams must be completed and submitted by the due date Write your assignment in a word processor using any of the Word formats (.doc, .docx). If you do not have Word, convert your document to .rtf format. Your submission must be typed double spaced, font: size 11 or 12. (Do not send documents with the .dat extension) You must write your name and student ID on the upper left corner of your papers. Assignments and exams will be posted five days before they are due and deleted after they are returned to students. All graded assignments and exams will be returned to you only in class. If by any chance you are absent the day they are returned, you can get them during the Assistants office hours for a limited time. Always keep a copy of your assignments If you do not see your grade on Blackboard after it has being returned, contact me immediately, no later than a week from the day grades are posted. Keep a hard copy of your papers until you receive your grade. If you have any problem with your grades, you must resolve it within one week. You cant ask me to review your grades after one week from the day grades are posted. Make sure you have a Stony Brook e-mail address on file with the university, otherwise you will not receive important communication.

Baseball and American Popular Culture :: Baseball Sports Athletics American Culture Essays

Baseball is an integral part of American pop culture. Many Americans grow up with baseball, playing it before they can even count all the bases. It is glorified, taught, and fed to us. When we play baseball, we find a respect for the game. The respect we gain from playing it has turned the game into a tradition of American culture. It has formed itself into the business of professional baseball, namely major league baseball. Professional players have become recognized all over the world. They are sought out and admired by fans. Because of their popularity, these players have written books, endorsed commercial products, and found successful and rewarding careers by playing a game. According to Wallup, author of Baseball: An Informal History, baseball has been apart of our culture since the mid to late nineteenth century(Wallup, p16). Our great grandparents, grandparents, and parents have been brought up with it and our parents teach the sport to us. When the notion of baseball comes to mind, a feeling of nostalgia and tradition come to me. Many of my feelings and memories originate from my childhood. I remember a beautiful summer day. My dad and I arrived at the baseball stadium to watch the game. We walked up the concrete walkway inside the stadium. The concrete walls and floors made my surroundings drab and grey. Finally, we made it to entrance into the stadium. I came out of the dark tunnels into the bright sunlight. The first thing to catch my eye was the vivid rush of color. Underneath the fluffy white clouds and their deep blue canvas, I could look down and see players in vibrant red and blue uniforms warming up for the game. The well-watered grass on the field was a brighter green than any other grass I had seen. The outfield seemed to be so perfect. It appeared that each blade had been cut by hand. The edge of the infield, where the dark, watered-down dirt met the intensely green grass was a precise and well-defined cont rast. We sat down and I took in my surroundings. There were men walking up and down the stairs selling various concessions. They had peanuts, beer, soda, ice cream, popcorn, and many other tempting treats. The players soon finished their warm-ups and the crowd became frenzied with excitement. The game was about to start. Baseball has its own traditions in America and playing the national anthem is one of them.

The Cinema Effect: Illusion, Reality, and the Moving Image Matthew Buckingham: a Man in the Crowd

A Mirrored Image of Reality Realism is a realm of art that focuses on an individual’s perspective of the real world through the use of varying mediums. In historical times artist have always and everywhere sought to expand the subject matter of their work as well as the media in which they work. It would be accurate to say that the history of political suppression of the arts from Egyptian times to Byzantium to Nazism and Zhdanovism is a manifestation of attempts to limit or abolish expansion of artistic subject matter or new forms or styles.The drive to break out of the boundaries of conventional representation arises from the need to express new experiences and perspectives. And as innovations in artistic media reflect parallel technical discoveries and inventions, so also does the drive to expand the horizons of subject matter reflecting fundamental changes in social relations, social needs, and social values and objectives. In the â€Å"Cinema Effect Illusions, Reality, a nd the Moving Image† exhibition the various artists seek to create works that integrate cinema into our perceived notion of reality.Amongst the artists featured in the exhibition is Matthew Buckingham. Matthew Buckingham does a twenty minute film based off of Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Man in the crowd† also the same name of his film. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The man in the crowd† is a narrative and not an actual film. Buckingham after reading the narrative was struck with how the story could be a metaphor and paradigm for the question of nonfiction filmmaking itself, Buckingham’s film is a silent film produced in black and white.There are many parallels with Poe’s narrative and Buckingham’s film. Buckingham’s film provides the visual aspect of Poe’s narrative. But, Buckingham’s film is more contemporary, he changes the setting of the film from nineteenth century Paris to that of modern day Vienna. Poe didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t know London and details are borrowed from Dickens, Poe’s London sounds more like New York versus nineteenth century London. The details that Poe uses come from a review that Poe did of a story by Dickens.Poe fictionalizes the story by saying, â€Å"they covered and crossed the edges of the city† which would have been impossible to do at that time, his description sounds more like modern day Vienna . With Poe’s â€Å"The man in the crowd† one man is following a complete stranger but it is unclear whether or not the follower is ever aware that he is being followed or if he ever acknowledges the man that follows him; the difference with Buckingham is that he adds another character, he introduces the camera as a character in the film.Edgar Allan Poe’s story is from one mans point of view, a man sits at a coffee shop and watches people walk by and describes them, of the people he sees walk by him he is intrigued by an elderly gentleman who walk s by him, and then the man in the coffee shop begins to follow him. A man simply becomes interested in another mans manner and then he commits himself to following him secretly for a twenty-four hour period in hopes to learn something about the man . In this time frame, the elderly gentleman goes through out London in a distorted fashion going from one place to another in no particular path or reason.Matthew Buckingham’s version begins with a young man dressed in a black t-shirt and dark colored pants in a cafe. In is the only portion of the film where there is some dialogue, which is heard. The young man sits at a table with a large window that pears into the downtown area of Vienna, there are many people that walk by him and catch his eye. While he sits an older man dressed in a suit walks by and catches his attention. From this point on the young man begins to follow the older gentleman in the suit.Throughout the duration of the film the younger man secretly follows the ol der gentleman. The older gentleman does not appear to sense that he is being followed, the man go to various places, there is no clear destination a parallel with Poe’s story but the older man of the two does not appear to be disoriented in any way whereas in Poe’s story the man is intrigued by the older man because of his distorted state. In the film most of the scenes only feature the older man, there are very few scenes where the man walks around crowed areas and spaces allowing the viewer to only focus on this man.There is one part in the film where the man being followed acknowledges his follower, the men are both walking through what appears to be a walking through a bush garden, at this point the man in the suit starts running as if he realizes that someone is following him, but he never turns around to acknowledge the man following him from this point on the man in the suit has disappeared from the film but he is then show in another scene. In the following sce ne this is the first time that the younger man is introduced in the film.Throughout the film only the back of the man in the suit is seen we never get a full view of either of the men, now, in this scene the camera is introduced as another character in the film. Before this point in the film is was ambiguous to know whether the younger man was also the camera guy but know it is clear that he is apart of the film as a character. The following scene begins to follow the man in the suit again but this time the viewer is able to get a closer view of him.Both men stand right next to each other and the angle of the camera shifts between the two men. There is a shift in the film the older man becomes a little more unaware and disoriented as the film continues. The man in the suit begins walks into a crowded area and he looks as if he is trying to find someone or something, at this point both men are close enough to each other to the point where they can physically embrace one another. The older man is preoccupied in his thoughts that he literally brushes past the other man and leaves the building they are in quickly.Transitioning in the film the older man goes to a train station and he at this point appears very disoriented and confused he walks in the station and looks as if he is going to board one of the trains but stops himself and leaves. At this point the man is back outside and the focus shifts from the older man as people walk in front of him and he seems lost within the crowd, night falls and the man is becomes the focus again and he continues to walk aimlessly. He then goes into a bar and he is amongst the many people in the bar, once he leaves it is completely dark and the film ends.This film exemplifies a type of realism because it depicts a realistic aspect of everyday life without exaggeration. The actual film is based on one man; the film follows him throughout one twenty-four hour period. The only unrealistic aspect of the film is the film itself, tha t someone is secretly following another person. The mans actions in the film follow everyday activity. Buckingham created a film that even allows the viewer to be superimposed within it. The film is displayed from two projectors. The projector is freestanding and has the appearance of a window, just like that of the window in the cafe where the film begins.So once we superimpose ourselves in front of the projector we are now apart of the film. The film becomes real and apart of the viewers reality because even the viewer can experience what is going on and be apart. The viewer now takes the role of the camera or the person following the man and experience what is going on. Also the man in the crowd is a relatable character we can all identify with the man in the crowd. The man that was followed was chosen randomly, he had no idea he was being followed and he had no distinguishable traits that would make he an obvious candidate. Buckingham’s film is similar to a performance by Vito Acconci.Vito Acconci does a performance similar to that of what Buckingham does in his film whereas Acconci follows a man around without his permission. Both artists push the boundaries of what art is and its interactions with life and its reality. Both artists with their work blur the line of artist and the perceived audience/subject. These works can be classified as avant-garde and how they move away from the considered standards and characteristics of art and what it should be art without a specific form and directed perception. In this same manner Matthew Buckingham’s film is similar to the photos of Jeff Wall.Jeff Wall uses photography to capture the different aspects of our reality and perceived real life. One of Jeff Wall’s photos is â€Å"A view from an Apartment†, in this photo Wall depicts an ordinary scene amongst two roommates, but he has altered the photo slightly to make the photo appear more realistic, he uses this image to depict two differ ent aspects of our reality. His work like that of Buckingham’s discusses our social ideas of the world. Like that of photography film is able to capture a moment as it happens, with technological advances in both there is the ability to go back and change or manipulate the imagery to something else.With both artist they are able to make their art appear as if it were natural and unchanged. Buckingham’s film appears natural and organic without any manipulation, but the characters of the film where all aware of each other and Buckingham’s concept and idea for this film thus making this reality artificial. There are interesting and informative accounts of art ranging from strict formalism to psychoanalysis, but that these had best be registered and tested against more general scientific theories of human society and culture.When this is done, the content of the work of art can be related to the means of scientific, realistic and empirical theories of culture and so ciety. This film addresses social concerns within society. The concept of the film and the film itself push the boundary of what is socially acceptable as art. Buckingham’s film does push the boundary of what is socially accepted for him to follow another person without their permission and to further document this as a film.

International Trade and Tariff Essay

Tariffs Explain the various impacts of an import tariff in small nations vs. large nations. The impact of an import tariff in a small nation is entirely unlike then an import tariff from a larger nation. When smaller nations imposes a tariff, it does not affect world prices, however the price of the importable commodity will start to rise, usually by the amount of the tariff for manufacturers and trade in the small nation. When large nations impose a tariff, it will reduce the volume of trade. Large nation tariffs also improve terms of the nation’s trade. Since the volume of trade is being reduced, it tends to lesson the nation’s welfare. However it also can improve the nation’s welfare. It depends on the welfare of the nation to if it actually rises or falls depending on the two conflicting forces. What are the three main reasons governments prefer using a tariff to restrict imports versus quotas? A few reasons why tariffs are better option than import quotas is because, tariffs can generate revenue for the Government, import quotas can lead to administrative corruption, and import quotas can cause smuggling. The reason the government can make money off of tariffs is because there can be a percentage put on imported goods that will generate extra money. There are millions of different things that are imported into a country and the small percentage of tariffs generates a lot of revenue that would be lost of the government unless their trade had an authorizing fee on goods being imported. This can lead to administrative corruption, if there are no restrictions on importing goods then the government has the ability to pick and choose who can import and who cannot. This can give the custom officials a lot of power since they would have the ability to favor and only allow certain corporations. Tariff system helps to rid the possibility of corruptions. This not just the price, but also the quantity sold through supply and demand. Smuggling can occur with an import quota when there are large shortages. A tariff cannot provide a set number on the goods or products that are coming into the country so the number of imports will increase when the demand for it goes up. Should our government use a weak dollar exchange rate policy to make imports more expensive in order to help our exporters? The weakening of the U. S. dollar means that the dollar has fallen in value compared other currency. The weak dollar is good for exports, but not good for importers. The value of currency will decrease when the demand for that specific currency is low, which will make importing goods more expensive. A weak dollar can make things difficult for exporters that are selling to the United States. If a foreign company wants to sell goods to the U. S. it either needs to up the price of the product or sell it at a lower price because of the exchange rate. What roles do the IMF and WTO play in trade and the use of tariffs? The IMF or International Monetary Fun is an global business of countries that strives to guarantee the constancy of the worldwide financial and economic system. The IMF tries to make sure that there is balanced growth to international trade, it promotes exchange constancy and helps to give countries a way to balance payment issues. Tariff rate data comes from the IMF database and the country’s authority figures. The WTO or World Trade Organization is a global company that works on the rules of trade between two countries. It helps to ensure that international trade moves smoothly and generously. It also gives countries a helpful and just outlet for dealing with arguments over importing issues. The WTO regulations permit a nation to defend certain businesses if the elimination of tariffs would have detrimental side effects, such as the loss of necessary national trade.

Emotions1 essays

Emotions1 essays No matter how hard you try, you cannot control your emotions, only attempt to hide them. Emotions influence every aspect of our lives, what we do, what we say, and et cetera. All of our emotions, from anger to insecurity, are influenced by several factors, just as our lives are influenced by our emotions (Gelinas, Emotions 35). First of all, it causes problems when one does not trust himself, and it shows up in many ways. Some people brag to call attention to themselves, causing others to believe that the egoistic person has a lot of self-respect. Very often though, egotism can be an attempt to cover up insecurity in a person who does not feel they will be good enough without it (Gelinas, Emotions 36). Bragging about ones achievements, material possessions, or achievements reveals a sense of inferiority. Even though one may brag their whole lives, they never reach a sense of well being. This is caused by fixation, which is when a person does not grow emotionally after a certain point (Gelinas, Emotions 64). A person that brags a great deal may also be considered a snob. A snob may not act as a braggart for the same reasons egoistic people do, for what snobs do is act so that they end up isolating themselves. They do this to avoid the trouble of friends, responsibilities, and emotional relationship s by giving a snobbish attitude to the people who put up with these things (Gelinas, Emotions 45). Another sign of insecurity is envy. One often envies another to hide a lack of trust in themselves. They envy others accomplishments because they dont think they themselves can achieve those accomplishments (Milios 39). Many factors influence anger. Most anger is caused by a situation that makes one feel uncomfortable (Licata 14). This uncomfortable feeling could also be described as feeling threatened. Feeling threatened could lead to angry feelings because a threat can cause harm. Things that could ...

St. Johns College Santa Fe Admissions Information

St. Johns College Santa Fe Admissions Information St. Johns College Santa Fe Admissions Overview: Admissions at St. Johns College in Santa Fe are holistic: the admissions office looks at more than just an applicants grades and test scores. They take in account an applicants writing skills, academic background, letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities, etc. To apply, those interested will need to submit an application, transcripts of high school work, a letter of recommendation, and a personal essay. With an acceptance rate of 63%, St. Johns admits the majority of students each year. If you have any questions, be sure to visit the schools website for more information. Admissions Data (2016): St. Johns College Santa Fe Acceptance Rate: 63%St. Johns College is Test-Optional. The college does not report its scores for national ranking purposes.Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -ACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -SAT comparison for New Mexico collegesACT comparison for New Mexico colleges St. Johns College Santa Fe Description: Located on a 250-acre campus in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Santa Fe, New Mexico, St. Johns College in Santa Fe has a spectacular location. The Santa Fe college was opened in 1964 as a second campus to  St. Johns College in Annapolis, Maryland. Students have the opportunity to study on either campus. St. Johns College is not for everyone all students have the same curriculum, and all graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in the liberal arts and sciences. The heart of a St. Johns education is reading and discussion focused on mathematics, languages, science and music. All students will graduate with an in-depth understanding of important works of Western civilization. The college has an impressive 8 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Seminars average about 20 students and are taught by two faculty members, and tutorials and labs have 12 to 16 students. Grades are not emphasized at St. Johns, and while students will read many books, they will never use a textbook. The great majority of St. Johns graduates go on to law school, medical school, or graduate school. Despite what the colleges name might suggest, St. Johns has no religious affiliation. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 400  (326 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 56% Male / 44% Female98% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $50,878Books: $650Room and Board: $11,162Other Expenses: $1,000Total Cost: $63,690 St. Johns College Santa Fe Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 97%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97%Loans: 49%Average Amount of AidGrants: $38,795Loans: $6,735 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Liberal Arts and Sciences (all students at St. Johns College have the same curriculum) Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 83%4-Year Graduation Rate: 43%6-Year Graduation Rate: 49% Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like St. Johns College, You May Also Like These Schools: Hampshire College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphReed College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSwarthmore College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphYale University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLewis Clark College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSt. Olaf College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphKenyon College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBrown University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSouthwestern University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMarlboro College: Profile

Learning Plan for Autistic Children Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Learning Plan for Autistic Children - Assignment Example One of the most common conditions in the category of developmental disorders is called autism. Autism is characterized by different kinds of improvement in the verbal and non-verbal communication mastery, social interaction, self help and playing skills as well as academic (intellectual) and cognitive skills. Other observable traits include limited repetitive and extreme patterns of behavior (Boyd, R.D. & Corley, M.J. 2001, 19). It is therefore imperative that the curriculum as well as other aspects of learning the designed in such a manner as to wholly meet the needs of these children. This section examines the learning needs of an autistic child and the theories that form the basis of select learning environments with the view of creating a most apt learning environment for specific special needs of a child. There are several groups of children with special learning interaction and communication needs. These conditions may include inherent conditions such as Autism, Aspergers syndrome, Down syndrome (Autism Spectrum disorders) and various physical impairments that include, hearing disorders, blindness and dumbness. Children who are born with or who develop these conditions are faced with a myriad of challenges in relationships as well interpreting, understanding the world around them. They lack the ability to communicate effectively. Autistic children seem to be in a world of their own and are not able to make out meanings of verbal and non-verbal communications such as gestures, facial expressions, physical contacts and even words spoken by people. (Anderson et al 1987, 352-366). Their semantic skills are disoriented and they seem to be indifferent about what is going on around them and even the people who are trying to interact with them. Their behavior does not match their feelings and interacting or relating with other people becomes very difficult if not impossible. For instance, an autistic child will see another child with a toy and since the autistic child cannot express him/herself and as such cannot let the other child know that she would want to play with the toy, the only option left for the autistic child is to grab the toy by force. Autistic children's needs are hardly understood by most people around them and therefore are not acted upon on time. This can be a cause of frustration to the child and lead to antisocial behavior such as acts of violence. It can also frustrate the other party who do not understand the autistic child's behavior interprets the behavior in the wrong way. This therefore, results in a conflict because other people not in the special group category cannot comprehend autistic people therefore not able to meet their need appropriately. Autistic children have difficulties learning different words and may not show any response when words are spoken to them. Due to the these developmental disorder autistic children usually lag behind in developing self help skills such as toileting skills, eating, dressing themselves and even playing skills (Beukelman, D. & Miranda, P. 1998, 129-34). They tend to be obsessed in arranging things in a

Discuss The Effects That Multinational companies can have on a host Essay

Discuss The Effects That Multinational companies can have on a host acountry - Essay Example The many economic benefits to host countries have prompted many countries around the world, including developed and developing countries to focusing on attracting multinational companies or foreign direct investments as they are also called. Even countries that were otherwise hostile to these types of investments have been seeing them in a positive light. The targeting of these multinational companies has become an important development strategy as countries such as Ireland provide grants towards start up costs and research and development (Jensen 2006:38 ). One effect that multinational companies have on a host country is the economic and financial benefits that are gained by the host country. Especially in developing countries this is a welcome change for both the worker and the political directorate. High employment levels are a panacea for political and social stability. In many cases multinational companies pay higher wages than local companies. The high demand for workers also contributes to the higher wages. The workers also receive training in technology, management, and entrepreneurial expertise that can be transferred to other facilities and areas in the country. Some employees also receive training in the parent company overseas. Consequently, the host now will now have a more highly skilled workforce that will be better able to compete with other countries. The host country will also receive economic gain through revenues paid to the government. Generally the companies are subjected to the different tax guidelines of the countries. In many cases the bargaining power of the host country helps these countries in securing major financial benefits. These tax incentives will increase economic growth and progress and will also help in stabilizing local currencies. The host country will also benefit from improved and new infrastructure. These developments help not only as an immediate benefit but in the long run as well.

'Crime is a Symptom of Wider Malaise' - from the Perspective of Essay

'Crime is a Symptom of Wider Malaise' - from the Perspective of Positivism and the One Other Criminological Theory - Essay Example Crime is described in a sociological aspect, the behavior that infringes criminal law. It can be described in the course of laws, through official police reports of crime, or in the course of victimization surveys of people who are concerned about it, but possibly not involved with the department of police. In addition to this, â€Å"Crime consists of three principle divisions, 1. the sociology of law, which is an attempt to systematically analysis the conditions under which criminal laws develop and also an explanation of variations in the policies and procedures used in the administration of criminal justice. 2. Criminal etiology, which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of crime; and 3. Penology, which is concerned with the control of crime† (Sycamnias n.d., para. 4). In general, crime has many definitions. One definition is crime is that, an act or an occurrence of inattention that is considered harmful to the wellbeing of the community, or to the principle s, or welfare of the circumstances, and is lawfully banned. Criminal activities keep increasing day by day in this world. The reason behind this could be various, but the crimes should be prevented at any cost, for the wellbeing of the mankind. Crimes happen due to certain reasons. ... ‘Crime is a symptom of wider malaise’, I would agree with this statement because malaise is a stage of mental depression, â€Å"a feeling of unease or depression† (Malaise 2012). A state of discomfort or stress leads to criminal activities generally. This could be treated and cured by increasing mental health and through anti crime awareness. If the reasons behind crimes are revealed, then the criminals should get appropriate punishment. Punishments are given to them in accordance to what they have done, and with the aim of preventing them for doing more crimes. But what I feel is, prevention is better than cure. Policies for preventing any forms of crime should be used awareness should be created in the society, so that criminal activities could be minimized. Punishments should be rigorous, so that those who have the tendency to the criminals should rethink. If the laws and punishments are not severe, it would increase the rate of crimes and would produce more cr iminals. Reasons such as family background, poverty, lack of education etc play a major role in creating criminals. In my opinion, criminals are not born; the circumstances create them as such. Circumstances mean family background, lifestyle, poverty, lack of education etc. There are many causes for crimes. Here I include 10 causes of crimes. â€Å"Lack of faith, imbalance, poor judgement, lack of love, poverty, deprived neighbourhoods, being a victim in a chain of events, poor parenting skills, ecological reasons etc† (Top 10 Causes of Crime 2007). The government has the responsibility to prevent crimes and secure the society. So it is the government’s responsibility to prevent crimes by implementing various

Cooking Is Something That Many People D Essay Example for Free

Cooking Is Something That Many People D Essay Cooking is something that many people do. Some do it as a profession, some do it for fun, and some do it because they have to. Most people cook because eating anything raw is unappetizing and boring. I cook because it is entertaining and almost hypnotizing in a sense that I become almost oblivious to my surroundings. Sadly, some times I share the feeling of most people, ? gwhy o why do I have bother to do this. ?h But even if preparing a dish for themselves, people tend to get caught up and forget about anything else that is going on. When other people are the ones who will be enjoying the dish, the cook tends to have a feeling of wanting to make them astounded or awed at his or her culinary skills by preparing a better dining experience. It is a constant struggle for perfection and creativity. In the professional environment of cooking, the atmosphere is exigent. It is a fast moving and demanding environment. When working in such a place, one is soon to forget the time that is passing. As the product of the chef is taking shape, it looks more and more like a piece of art, with an amazing array of colour topped with astonishing garnishes. Chefs are people endlessly exploring the continual horizon of creativity in which the food can spread in any direction of space atop a plate. Another great part of cooking is the faces, comments, and reactions of the diners. Their faces are filled with the expression that speaks the flavour of the food and the opinion of the people themselves. A picture is worth a thousand words. I always remember that phrase when the food is served in front of the diner. And after that they speak. Their words persuade and encourage you for a higher level of achievement. Well at least most of the time. These are the reasons why culinary arts is an amazing field for anyone.

The Physics of Swinging :: Physics Swinging Essays

The Physics of Swinging My son begs to watch me swing on one of the swing sets at the park. I tell him that there is so much work involved and I don’t know if I have the energy to do all of the many things it takes to make a swing move. It’s such an innocent plea, but complicated in the terms of the actual process of it. The physics of swinging has so many components. From resonance to force, and from the period of the swing to the conversion of energy, the process of swinging is actually a complicated matter. While you watch a person swing, place your hand at the maximum point of the swing’s achieved height and then count how many seconds it takes to return back to that same height. You have just measured the period of the swing. The period of the swing is the time it takes the swing to make one full move back and forth. The equation used to solve for the period mathematically is T = 2p (square root of L/g), where L is the length of the pendulum, and g is gravity. There are a few things that can change the period of a pendulum. As length increases and as the force of gravity increases so will the period. Likewise, when both gravity and length of the chains decrease, the period does also. My reference Mark Nethercott says that if there are no outside influences, the period stays constant at about 15 degrees of arch, but the amplitude must be low. This statement corresponds with Newton’s first law of motion (law of inertia) that says, â€Å"Every object remains at rest or in motion in a straight line at constant speed unless acted on by an unbalanced force.† (Physics, A World View p.31). A force other than gravity and the length of the swing can alter the outcome of a period. While standing with your hand out, measuring the period, give the person on the swing a push. â€Å"Periodic motion is motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time and resonance is periodic increases of the amplitude of periodic motion due to a force at a constant interval. So while you push the person on the swing, you are creating a form of resonance for the swing.† –Mark Nethercott. There is one last force that changes the period of a swing, and that is squatting and standing, or leaning back and forth.

Reseach on Performance Work Systems in Local Councils the Case of Harare City Council in Zimbabwe Essay

1.0 Introduction This chapter forms the basis of the study on the assessment on the role of high performance work systems have on Harare city council workers for effective and efficiency service delivery. This paper is going to provide a background of the study stating the problem, purpose and importance of the study. To add to the above, the objective, anticipated constraints and research questions, including literature review and research methodology are going to be highlighted. 1.1 Background of the study Performance has been a widely researched subject by most social scientist and industrial psychologist in an attempt to establish what motivates people to do what they do, and why they do it. An organisational performance has always been an issue for managers, as it is believed that satisfied workers tend to be more productive, creative and committed to their jobs. There is therefore need to establish whether high performance work systems are what bring satisfactory performance or there are other factors. High performance work systems is a complex and multifaceted concept, which can mean different things to different people. However, the researcher in this study attempted to establish the role of high performance systems, whether it brings positive or negative results with particular attention at Harare City Council. 1.2 Statement of the problem The dilemma at hand is that the Harare city council workers are said to be hindering the performance circles of which are of particular appeal to affect the residents. The council provide services to the residents which are not helpful but only distract them from developing their communities in the proper manner they desire. This is happening due to the failure by the council to carry out good research on its performance since today employees are expected to work in teams rather than solely on their own. They are expected to keep learning new skills and to assume broader roles through the employment security, selective hiring of new personnel, self-managed teams and decentralization of decision making as the basic principles of organizational design, comparatively high compensation contingent on organizational performance, extensive training, reduced status distinctions and barriers including dress, language office arrangements, and wage differences across levels, extensive sharing o f financial and performance information throughout the organisation. 1.3 Objectives of the study 1 To investigate and establish the role of high performance work systems in relation to organisational performance as this affects the service delivery. 2 To establish what causes poor performance and service delivery in the organisation. 3 To find out ways of maintaining and improving staff loyalty, motivation and performance. 4 To recommend on changes to improve council performance and staff welfare policy. 1.4 Significance of the study As a researcher it is of paramount importance to conduct a study on the role of high performance work systems by the local authority. One can easily notice that it is important to carry out this research as it: The research findings of this research were also intended to assist management in addressing concerns and expectations of staff in order to harness their full contribution and effort to the benefit of the organization. The organization would then use the research findings to redesign its human resources policies towards the workers welfare and provide the answers to the questions presented on the sub problems of the research problem. Employees could use the research as a platform to express their concerns and desires to management, which they would not probably get, and also use it as a reference point to those who would intend to do their own researches. 1.5 Literature review Review of related literature is the most important part of research. It refers to the systematic exploration of issues related to the one’s research which has been treated to date by various authors and authorities. According to the high performance work systems Assessment, â€Å"by social impacts we mean the consequences to human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organise to meet their needs and generally cope as members of society.† The concept of high performance work systems and organisational performance High performance work systems have been defined as a distinctive managerial approach that enables high performance through people. (1987). High performance work systems are somewhat not quite the same as motivation, but the two are closely linked. Many thoughts and views have been developed to define performance at work but much of it explains one’s reaction, feelings and emotions towards the accomplishment of organisational goals. Many research studies were however founded to explain how people react in the manner they do in their jobs. Various factors have been associated with one’s performance. These factors include: * The level of pay and benefits, * The perceived fairness of the promotion system within a company, * The quality of the working conditions, * Leadership and social relationships * The job itself. Different models were developed to account for the attitudes that people develop at various situations. The following models of job satisfaction shall be discussed to aid the understanding of high performance work systems at work. Classical theories of Maslow (1943), Herzberg (1968) and Vroom in relation to high performance work systems have been the basis of the modern day studies. Abram Maslow proposed a hierarchical theory of five needs, which gained popularity over the years and formed a basis for management studies to human motivation at work. Having been simplified by Clayton Alderfer made a fine-tuning to the hierarchical explanations of human needs to that of three levels. Abbreviated to ERG, (Existence, Relatedness and Growth), Existence needs constituted Maslow’s physiological and safety needs, and Relatedness included internal esteem and social needs and lastly, the Growth stage was made up of self actualisation and external esteem needs. The Wikipedia encyclopaedia cited various models of which can help to explain high performance work systems that were written to by different authors as follows: * The two-factor theory * The job characteristics model * The fulfilment theory * The equity theory These models shall be discussed below to aid the research to find the basis of high performance work systems in the workplace. Theories of Employee Motivation for performance The two-factor theory This theory also known as the motivator-hygiene theory is the work of Fredrick Herzberg (1968). The theory is on the premise that employee satisfaction has two dimensions namely â€Å"hygiene† and â€Å"motivation†. (Agarwal.1983). According to Herzberg, Hygiene factors include those aspects such as company policies, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations and working conditions. Motivators include those aspects that satisfy people such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. The model was criticised by researchers who failed to empirically measure of satisfaction as being a methodological artefact. (Wikipedia encyclopaedia). High performance work systems characteristics Model The model was proposed by Hackman and Oldham (1976), which states that there are five core job characteristics, which impact three critical psychological states. The five core job characteristics include: * Skill variety: employees use a variety of skills to complete their jobs, skills that have been acquired by long years of study and/ or experience and are the primary reason for their employment and work allocation in a business organisation * Task identity: involvement of the employee in all steps of the job, thus providing identification with the task. * Task significance: The significance of the job being properly executed to the well being of the organisation. * Autonomy: The freedom to do the job with responsibility and by oneself. * Feedback: The provision of feedback providing information about the excellence of performance of the job. The three psychological states include: * Experienced meaningfulness, * Experienced responsibility for outcomes, and * Knowledge of the actual results. The Fulfilment theory According to Agarwal (1983), fulfilment theory regard satisfaction as resulting from outcomes (rewards) a person receives or the extents to which a person’s needs are satisfied. The difficulty with the fulfilment approach is that satisfaction is a function of not only what a person receives but also what he feels he should receive and/or wants to receive. People have different expectations and what satisfies one may dissatisfy another. Equity Theory According to literature by Agarwal (1983), a person’s satisfaction is determined by his perceived equity. Received equity is, in turn, determined by his input-output balance as compared to his comparison others’ input-output balance. Input-output balance is a perceived ratio of what a person receives from his job relative to what he put in the job. According to the equity theory, either under reward or over reward can lead to dissatisfaction although the feeling associated with them are different. As illustrated by the following diagram the comparison may result in one feeling unfairly treated when outcome received appears lower than others or feels guilty when received more than others. The equity theory A Perceived outcomes actually received A = B Satisfaction A < B Dissatisfaction A > B Guilty and discomfort Perceived personal input B Perceived personal outcome that should be received Perceived outcome of comparison others Perceived input of comparison others Fig 1.Equity Theory (Agarwal 1983) Determinants of high performance work systems Agarwal (1983) says that there are various factors that determine performance. These are discussed below. Employee Supervision As with Herzberg hygiene factors, supervision is critical to provide leadership to employees’ performance. A good leader is one who establishes trust from his followers and promotes feedback. He knows how to treat employees at different situations. Research has shown that low performance and low productivity occurs when a supervisor is a laissez faire type of leader. Agarwal (1983). Research has also discovered that those people’s reason to seek employment is to get paid (money) though not a motivator but they desire to be paid fairly. Management must always ensure consult for salaries and benefits to see whether their employees match the market. (Putting Theory Into Practice, October 1999 publication) The work group in relation to employee performance Employees need to socialise with others to create an environment of belongingness, develop a sense of camaraderie and teamwork. Social interaction creates organisational performance though depending on their affiliation. Inappropriate behaviour should not be encouraged though because of influences, but strong reprimands should be exercised. (Putting Theory Into Practice, October 1999 publication) Job content in relation to high performance work systems Employees need to feel that the work or task they are doing is of great importance to the company. Their contributions result in positive outcomes. It is therefore essential for management to recognise as an important a task to the overall achievement of the organizational goals. Agarwal cited Herzberg, Mauner and Suyderman as holding a view that job content factors such as achievement, recognition, advancement, responsibility and the work itself tend to provide satisfaction but their absence such as supervision, working condition, company policies and salary tend to produce dissatisfaction but their presence does not produce satisfaction. Age in relation to performance According to Agarwal (1983), some research works have reported a positive correlation between age and performance. Older workers tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than their younger counterparts because older workers are said to have adjusted to their jobs while young workers still have ambitions and need for advancement. Job Satisfaction and performance The analysis of results from the work of Herzberg et al, on twenty-six studies focusing on the relationship between job satisfaction and performance, fourteen of these showed that workers with positive job attitudes had higher performance than those with negative attitudes. Nine studies have shown that job attitudes and performance were not related, and in three studies, workers with positive attitudes had poorer performance records than those with negative attitudes. Lawler, 1977 and Porter, 1961, hold the view that it is productivity that leads to satisfaction and not the vice versa. Performance leads to rewards and if these rewards are considered to be equitable in relation to the perception of the worker of the rewards of his referent others and his perceptions of what he should receive, he will experience satisfaction. The following is the illustrative diagram. Model of performance leading to satisfaction Perceived equity of rewards in relation to referent others Performance Reward intrinsic & extrinsic Satisfaction Perception of how much he should receive Fig 2.Source: Agarwal 1983: Model of performance leading to satisfaction Adapted from Lawler III & Porter â€Å"The effect of Performance on job satisfaction†, Human relations, October, 1967 P23 1.5 Justification of the study The area of discussion is worth studying because it aims at alerting the management of the Harare City Council how their service provision are being hindered by the employee performance, thus organisational performance is affected as well. As such the research is vital as it will help in gathering or adding information on the importance of high performance work systems being as well as its importance to the Ministry of local government urban and rural development. The Minister will be able to see if there are any amendments which need to be done and if there are any gaps left which need to be filled. Furthermore the research will see the researcher attain the ultimate goal for a Bachelor of science Honours degree in Local Governance Studies 1.6 Research Methodology Various techniques will be exploited to achieve the proposed objectives of the study. Haralambos (1995:36) asserts that: Any academic subject requires methodology to reach its Conclusions, it must have ways of producing and analysing Data so that theories can be tested, accepted or rejected without a systematic way of producing knowledge the findings can be dismissed. The researcher is going to use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to come up with conclusions as both techniques can be used to complement each other as well as questionnaires. According to wordiq.com (2011), quantitative research is the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect. It is bent on developing and employing mathematical models. On the other hand, Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in any different disciplines. It means a non numerical data collection or explanation based on the attributes of the source of data. Qualitative research is used to gain insight into people’s behaviour, attitudes, value systems, motivations concerns, aspirations, culture or lifestyles. Christensen (1994) expressed that a sample makes a better study. Leedy (1993) agreed with the same idea saying that, â€Å"the larger the sample the better.† I wil l select the people that are going to give relevant information to this study for example the most affected people and the possible problem solvers. 1.7 Research Tools (a) Interviews (Group The researcher intends to use interviews as a research technique. Gray et al (2007) allude that the best data gathering technique for survey research is the interview. These interviews will be done in groups so as to save time. (b) Observation The researcher will use observation in tackling the research problem. The rationale for using this technique is that the researcher intends to learn about the sensitive issues that participants might be unwilling to disclose or talk about with regards to the research. (c) Analysis of secondary sources The researcher will make use of other researchers that have been studied in relation to the field under study. This will be done in order to weigh the impacts that the previous researchers have had. Target Population The study will be focussing on the Harare City Council employees. Anticipated constrains Wikipedia (2011:4) notes that any limit or restriction given for the design process is called a constraint. The study is likely to encounter a number of challenges which may compromise the quality of research results and these include: (a)Access to information The information is mostly confidential in the Harare City Council thus releasing information might be problematic. Some may be reluctant to disclose such information as such the respondents will be guaranteed that their information will be treated with utmost privacy and confidentiality. (b)Resources Resources such as time and finance may compromise the quality of the research as the researcher is a student with other university commitments RESEARCH REFERENCE LIST Argawal R.D.(1983) Organisation and Management, Mcgraw-Hill, Tata Boxall P., Macky K. & Rasmussen E., (2003)‘Labour turnover and retention in New Zealand; the causes and consequences of leaving and staying with employers’ Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. Vol 41 (2)., Cascio, W.F. (2003) Managing Human Resources: Productivity, quality of work Life profits (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. French, W.L. (1998) Human Resources Management. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company Ivancevich et al (1989):Foundations of Personnel ,Human Resources Management Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2001) Organisational behaviour (5th ed.). Irwin McGraw-Hill. Milkovich, G.T., & Boudreau, J.W. (1994) Human Resource Management (7th ed.). IRWIN Publishers, USA. Morrell W. H., Loan-Clarke J. & Wilkinson J (2004), ‘Organisational change and employee turnover’, Personnel Review, vol 33 (2) Morris W.T. (1972). Management for Action: Psycho Technical Decision making. Reston. Mowday, R., Porter, L., & Steers, R. (1982) Employee-organizations linkages – The Psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover: Academic Press, .London Rhodes, S.R., & Steers, R.M. (1990)., Managing employee absenteeism Addison: Wesley Publishing Company, USA Spector, P.E. (1997)., Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes and Consequences: SAGE Publications, USA Van der Merwe, R., & Miller, S.(1988),. Measuring absence and labour turnover: A Practical guide to recording and control. Lexicon Publishers., J

Does Language Shape Culture?

Csecsei Luca 12. IB Does language shape culture? Most questions of whether and how language shapes thought start with the simple observation that languages differ from one another. And a lot! Just look at the way people talk, they might say. Certainly, speakers of different languages must attend to strikingly different aspects of the world just so they can use their language properly. The word order can be completely different among languages. And also there are tenses in some languages that we do not have, use or do not know what it really means. Such as the subjunctive in spanish language. It is a tense which is the hardest to learn while learning spanish, because such a tense that has so many meanings does not exist nor in hungarian, neither in english. I had the chance to spend a year in the U. K. and i also to take spanish there, i experinced that to learn this tense is just as hard for the english as it was for me when I learned spanish in my previous school, which was a spanish-hungarian bilingual school. Culture is learned, but taught through the language. Language is never the entity which has been invented in isolation. It certainly has evolved gradually with the continuous development of a culture. A culture being a building made of different beliefs in supernatural, social behaviors, human emotions, or way of expressing feelings, the language has continually adapted accordingly to accommodate these identified notion and gesture of human activity. Finding a symbolism every time to register it in the language, thus contributing to its growth. A language has always been a weapon to express one's ideas and feelings. And the reason enough to make this weapon more efficient to handle one's need of expressing things with intended accuracy. It has been tuned-up with each new finding, getting honed up continually to get its flawless shape with developing culture. Culture is determined by the language it uses with a great extent. The first thing that comes to my mind is always slang. Language clearly shows where people belong, if someone speaks really mincing his words that shows he is educated nd nor grown up on the streets like most of the people who use slang words and developed a whole new language between them. We are all members of a social group and members of `society? as a whole. People interact in many ways and communication is just about the most common and among the most important. Whatever is meaningful to a group, from their everyday life to their traditions constitutes their very own culture and is generally respec ted by all group members. Language is only one of such items. For ethnic minority groups that may have a language of their own, their language is a cornerstone in their culture. Take a look at dialects anywhere int he world. It clearly shows different customs, not just in language or communication. There a lots of dialects in South-America, for instance. Spanish in Latinamerica differs a lot from nations to nations, or we can also say, from culture to culture. There are dialects also in our country, Hungary. And people on the north of the country speak in a different way, like pronounce sounds so much different. Use words and expressions that we do not use at all. They also have differently built, constructed and decorated houses, songs, tales and wear different clothes as their costume. Taken together I do think linguistic processes are obtrusive in most fundamental domains of thought, unconsciously shaping us from the nuts and bolts of observation and perception to major life decisions. Language is central to our experience of being human and is central to our beliefs, and the languages we speak profoundly shape our culture.